Three greenhouse gases, three all-time highs
By David Gelles
The extreme weather. The melting glaciers. The weirdly warm oceans. They’re all the product of global warming, which is being driven by the release of the three most important heat-trapping gases: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
And according to a new study from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, emissions of those three greenhouse gases continued to surge last year to historic highs.
Global average carbon dioxide concentrations jumped last year, “extending the highest sustained rate of CO2 increases” in NOAA’s 65 years of record-keeping. Methane and nitrous oxide levels also rose sharply last year. All this despite a wave of global policy measures and economic incentives designed to wean the world off fossil fuels.
These weren’t just one-off anomalies. In each case, the rising emissions continued a long-term trend. By analyzing more than 15,000 air samples from around the world, NOAA found that the upticks in emissions last year “were in line with the steep increases observed during the past decade.”
The result has been a series of profound changes to the planet in a remarkably short amount of time. “The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere today is comparable to where it was around 4.3 million years ago during the mid-Pliocene epoch,” the NOAA report found. That was when the “sea level was about 75 feet higher than today” and “large forests occupied areas of the Arctic that are now tundra.”
Carbon dioxide
Last year, humans spewed some 36.6 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere, the most ever. That number may well be higher this year.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is now more than 50 percent higher than it was before the industrial revolution.
It’s no secret where all this carbon dioxide is coming from. The burning of oil, coal and gas is the main source of CO2 emissions, and the use and production of fossil fuels continues to rise around the world, with the United States producing more oil and gas than ever before.
And even as the build out of renewable energy is speeding up, the appetite for fossil fuels remains strong, in part because overall energy demand is soaring.
Fossil fuels aren’t the only source of carbon dioxide. The extraordinary forest fires that have charred Canada, Europe and Chile over the past year are also adding CO2 into the atmosphere. Yet even there, the vicious cycle of human-caused climate change is easy to see: Many of those fires were made worse because of the warming that has already occurred.
Methane
For a while, it looked like methane emissions were slowing down. After a rapid rise in atmospheric methane concentration during the 1980s, levels stabilized in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Then in 2007, they started rising again, and fast.
Researchers acknowledge they don’t fully understand what accounted for the relative stability of methane output and then its renewed growth. But what is clear is that methane emissions are booming today.
Last year saw the fifth-highest ever jump in methane concentration since record keeping began, and methane levels are now more than 160 percent higher than they were before the industrial revolution, according to NOAA. Methane is a particularly potent greenhouse gas; while it breaks down faster than carbon dioxide, it is more powerful at trapping heat in the atmosphere.
The vast majority of the increased methane emissions can be traced back to humanity’s insatiable appetite. Agriculture is the biggest source of methane emissions, according to the International Energy Agency, followed closely by the burning of fossil fuels.
Nitrous oxide
While carbon dioxide and methane are the two gases most commonly associated with climate change, nitrous oxide is another potent heat-trapping gas, and is also on the rise.
N2O emissions are also linked to food. In this case, they are largely the result of nitrogen fertilizer and manure used in agriculture. Another source is aviation. Nitrous oxide levels in the atmosphere are now 25 percent higher than before the industrial revolution.
Where all that gas goes
In just a few hundred years, humans have radically altered the composition of Earth’s atmosphere, quite literally setting the planet back millions of years. Slowing down global warming, and potentially even reversing it, will require an equally herculean effort to stop emitting the three gases most responsible for climate change.
Reducing carbon dioxide emissions will require radical overhauls to our energy and transportation systems. Drawing down methane and nitrous oxide emissions will mean fundamentally overhauling how food is produced.
The changes won’t be easy. But until we figure out how to limit the release of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, our world will keep warming.
Continue reading the main story
A MESSAGE FROM SELC
Celebrate Earth Day Every Day
Earth Month is a time for action—especially this year as we face a critical moment to address the causes and impacts of climate change. The stakes for our environmental future have never been higher but the opportunities have never been greater. With your support for SELC’s vital work, we are seizing this moment with urgency and optimism.The landmark work we do in court, in government and in our communities, helps shape policies and protections across our country because of supporters like you.
DONATE
Supporters and members of the association Senior Women for Climate Protection held banners outside the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France, on Tuesday. Christian Hartmann/Reuters
A landmark ruling in Europe could mean more climate litigation
Europe’s top human rights court said on Tuesday that the Swiss government had violated its citizens’ human rights by not doing enough to stop climate change, a landmark ruling that experts said could bolster activists hoping to use human rights law to hold governments to account.
“I expect we’re going to see a rash of lawsuits in other European countries, because most of them have done the same thing,” said Michael Gerrard, director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University. “They have failed to meet their climate goals, and failed to set climate targets that are adequate.”
It was the latest sign that the global wave of lawsuits seeking to hold companies and governments responsible for damage caused by climate change is gaining momentum.
In the United States, states, cities and counties are suing fossil fuel companies over the damages caused by climate change, and young people are suing states and the federal government over what they say was a failure to protect them from the effects of global warming.
Legal experts are watching closely to see whether the Supreme Court will take up a lawsuit that Hawaii has brought against big oil companies. Should the country’s top court intervene, it could be helpful for fossil fuel corporations, which believe they have a better chance at winning in federal court than in many state courts.
The European ruling is unlikely to affect how U.S. courts rule, according to Gerrard. “The U.S. courts traditionally pay little regard to international tribunals,” he said.
But Gerrard added that many similar concepts are involved in the European case and those making their way through the court system in the United States.
“The idea that climate change impairs fundamental rights resonates throughout the cases,” he said. “The language is different, but the underlying concepts, and the idea that the governments have a duty to act, are the same.”
Similar legal efforts are unfolding around the world. India’s Supreme Court handed down a ruling last month concluding that people’s right to be shielded from the effects of climate change falls under the articles of the country’s constitution that protect the right to equality and to life. And the Inter-American Court is also preparing to issue an advisory opinion on whether countries are legally required to protect citizens from climate change. — David Gelles and Manuela Andreoni
OTHER CLIMATE NEWS
Gerald Herbert/Associated Press
To Cut Cancer Risks, E.P.A. Limits Pollution From Chemical Plants
The new regulation is aimed at reducing the risk of cancer for people who live close to plants emitting toxic chemicals.
By Lisa Friedman
Joshua A. Bickel/Associated Press
PFAS ‘Forever Chemicals’ Are Pervasive in Water Worldwide, Study Finds
A global survey found harmful levels even in water samples taken far any obvious source of contamination.
By Delger Erdenesanaa
Jim Wilson/The New York Times
The U.S. Urgently Needs a Bigger Grid. Here’s a Fast Solution.
A rarely used technique to upgrade old power lines could play a big role in fixing one of the largest obstacles facing clean energy, two reports found.
By Brad Plumer
Sean Gallup/Getty Images
Banks Made Big Climate Promises. A New Study Doubts They Work.
Using European Central Bank lending data, researchers said there was not evidence that voluntary commitments were effective in reducing emissions.
By Eshe Nelson
Katherine Joy/The University of Manchester
They Came From Outer Space. Now, They’re Going Into Hiding.
Rising temperatures in Antarctica are making meteorites sink out of view before researchers can collect them.
By Katherine Kornei
Maddie McGarvey for The New York Times
There’s an Explosion of Plastic Waste. Big Companies Say ‘We’ve Got This.’
Big brands like Procter & Gamble and Nestlé say a new generation of plants will help them meet environmental goals, but the technology is struggling to deliver.
By Hiroko Tabuchi
Pedro Pardo/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Yellen Faces Diplomatic Test in Urging China to Curb Green Energy Exports
The United States wants to persuade China to dial back its green energy industrial strategy as the Biden administration subsidizes its own supply chain.
By Alan Rappeport
Alexey Malgavko/Reuters
TRILOBITES
New Method That Pinpoints Wood’s Origin May Curb Illegal Timber
The study could help identify wood from Russia, which has been banned by many countries because of the war.
By Alexander Nazaryan
More climate news
• Western diplomats are pressuring China to commit to funding efforts by developing countries to tackle climate change, Politico reports.
• Refrigerants that are several thousand times more potent than carbon dioxide in warming the planet are being smuggled into Europe, according to a report reviewed by Reuters.
• Warren Buffett made a fortune investing in utilities, but increasing wildfires are making him rethink his strategy, The Wall Street Journal reports.
• Six hundred years ago, Native North Americans changed their way of life to adapt to a changing climate, The Atlantic reports.
Correction: The Thursday newsletter stated incorrectly the route our reporter’s train took after leaving Chicago. It traversed Iowa and Nebraska, not Indiana and Nebraska. The Thursday newsletter also described incorrectly the pollution from airplanes. It contains nitrogen oxides, not nitrogen.
Thanks for being a subscriber.
Read past editions of the newsletter here.
If you’re enjoying what you’re reading, please consider recommending it to others. They can sign up here. Browse all of our subscriber-only newsletters here. And follow The New York Times on Instagram, Threads, Facebook and TikTok at @nytimes.
Reach us at climateforward@nytimes.com. We read every message, and reply to many!
All Newsletters Read Online
FOR SUBSCRIBERS APRIL 9, 2024
SUPPORTED BY SELC
Spreading nitrogen fertilizer on a wheat field in France. Three potent greenhouse gases, nitrogen and methane, are closely linked to climate change. Pascal Rossignol/Reuters
By David Gelles
A MESSAGE FROM SELC
Celebrate Earth Day Every Day
Earth Month is a time for action—especially this year as we face a critical moment to address the causes and impacts of climate change. The stakes for our environmental future have never been higher but the opportunities have never been greater. With your support for SELC’s vital work, we are seizing this moment with urgency and optimism.The landmark work we do in court, in government and in our communities, helps shape policies and protections across our country because of supporters like you.
DONATE
Supporters and members of the association Senior Women for Climate Protection held banners outside the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France, on Tuesday. Christian Hartmann/Reuters
OTHER CLIMATE NEWS
Gerald Herbert/Associated Press
Joshua A. Bickel/Associated Press
Jim Wilson/The New York Times
Sean Gallup/Getty Images
Katherine Joy/The University of Manchester
Maddie McGarvey for The New York Times
Pedro Pardo/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Alexey Malgavko/Reuters
To Cut Cancer Risks, E.P.A. Limits Pollution From Chemical Plants
The new regulation is aimed at reducing the risk of cancer for people who live close to plants emitting toxic chemicals.
By Lisa Friedman
PFAS ‘Forever Chemicals’ Are Pervasive in Water Worldwide, Study Finds
A global survey found harmful levels even in water samples taken far any obvious source of contamination.
By Delger Erdenesanaa
The U.S. Urgently Needs a Bigger Grid. Here’s a Fast Solution.
A rarely used technique to upgrade old power lines could play a big role in fixing one of the largest obstacles facing clean energy, two reports found.
By Brad Plumer
Banks Made Big Climate Promises. A New Study Doubts They Work.
Using European Central Bank lending data, researchers said there was not evidence that voluntary commitments were effective in reducing emissions.
By Eshe Nelson
They Came From Outer Space. Now, They’re Going Into Hiding.
Rising temperatures in Antarctica are making meteorites sink out of view before researchers can collect them.
By Katherine Kornei
There’s an Explosion of Plastic Waste. Big Companies Say ‘We’ve Got This.’
Big brands like Procter & Gamble and Nestlé say a new generation of plants will help them meet environmental goals, but the technology is struggling to deliver.
By Hiroko Tabuchi
Yellen Faces Diplomatic Test in Urging China to Curb Green Energy Exports
The United States wants to persuade China to dial back its green energy industrial strategy as the Biden administration subsidizes its own supply chain.
By Alan Rappeport
TRILOBITES
New Method That Pinpoints Wood’s Origin May Curb Illegal Timber
The study could help identify wood from Russia, which has been banned by many countries because of the war.
By Alexander Nazaryan
• Western diplomats are pressuring China to commit to funding efforts by developing countries to tackle climate change, Politico reports.
• Refrigerants that are several thousand times more potent than carbon dioxide in warming the planet are being smuggled into Europe, according to a report reviewed by Reuters.
• Warren Buffett made a fortune investing in utilities, but increasing wildfires are making him rethink his strategy, The Wall Street Journal reports.
• Six hundred years ago, Native North Americans changed their way of life to adapt to a changing climate, The Atlantic reports.
Need help? Review our newsletter help page or contact us for assistance.
You received this email because you signed up for Climate Forward from The New York Times.
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Connect with us on:

All Newsletters
Read Online


FOR SUBSCRIBERS
APRIL 9, 2024
SUPPORTED BY SELC

Spreading nitrogen fertilizer on a wheat field in France. Three potent greenhouse gases, nitrogen and methane, are closely linked to climate change. Pascal Rossignol/Reuters
Three greenhouse gases, three all-time highs

By David Gelles
The extreme weather. The melting glaciers. The weirdly warm oceans. They’re all the product of global warming, which is being driven by the release of the three most important heat-trapping gases: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
And according to a new study from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, emissions of those three greenhouse gases continued to surge last year to historic highs.
Global average carbon dioxide concentrations jumped last year, “extending the highest sustained rate of CO2 increases” in NOAA’s 65 years of record-keeping. Methane and nitrous oxide levels also rose sharply last year. All this despite a wave of global policy measures and economic incentives designed to wean the world off fossil fuels.
These weren’t just one-off anomalies. In each case, the rising emissions continued a long-term trend. By analyzing more than 15,000 air samples from around the world, NOAA found that the upticks in emissions last year “were in line with the steep increases observed during the past decade.”
The result has been a series of profound changes to the planet in a remarkably short amount of time. “The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere today is comparable to where it was around 4.3 million years ago during the mid-Pliocene epoch,” the NOAA report found. That was when the “sea level was about 75 feet higher than today” and “large forests occupied areas of the Arctic that are now tundra.”
Carbon dioxide
Last year, humans spewed some 36.6 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere, the most ever. That number may well be higher this year.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is now more than 50 percent higher than it was before the industrial revolution.
It’s no secret where all this carbon dioxide is coming from. The burning of oil, coal and gas is the main source of CO2 emissions, and the use and production of fossil fuels continues to rise around the world, with the United States producing more oil and gas than ever before.
And even as the build out of renewable energy is speeding up, the appetite for fossil fuels remains strong, in part because overall energy demand is soaring.
Fossil fuels aren’t the only source of carbon dioxide. The extraordinary forest fires that have charred Canada, Europe and Chile over the past year are also adding CO2 into the atmosphere. Yet even there, the vicious cycle of human-caused climate change is easy to see: Many of those fires were made worse because of the warming that has already occurred.
Methane
For a while, it looked like methane emissions were slowing down. After a rapid rise in atmospheric methane concentration during the 1980s, levels stabilized in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Then in 2007, they started rising again, and fast.
Researchers acknowledge they don’t fully understand what accounted for the relative stability of methane output and then its renewed growth. But what is clear is that methane emissions are booming today.
Last year saw the fifth-highest ever jump in methane concentration since record keeping began, and methane levels are now more than 160 percent higher than they were before the industrial revolution, according to NOAA. Methane is a particularly potent greenhouse gas; while it breaks down faster than carbon dioxide, it is more powerful at trapping heat in the atmosphere.
The vast majority of the increased methane emissions can be traced back to humanity’s insatiable appetite. Agriculture is the biggest source of methane emissions, according to the International Energy Agency, followed closely by the burning of fossil fuels.
Nitrous oxide
While carbon dioxide and methane are the two gases most commonly associated with climate change, nitrous oxide is another potent heat-trapping gas, and is also on the rise.
N2O emissions are also linked to food. In this case, they are largely the result of nitrogen fertilizer and manure used in agriculture. Another source is aviation. Nitrous oxide levels in the atmosphere are now 25 percent higher than before the industrial revolution.
Where all that gas goes
In just a few hundred years, humans have radically altered the composition of Earth’s atmosphere, quite literally setting the planet back millions of years. Slowing down global warming, and potentially even reversing it, will require an equally herculean effort to stop emitting the three gases most responsible for climate change.
Reducing carbon dioxide emissions will require radical overhauls to our energy and transportation systems. Drawing down methane and nitrous oxide emissions will mean fundamentally overhauling how food is produced.
The changes won’t be easy. But until we figure out how to limit the release of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, our world will keep warming.
Continue reading the main story
A MESSAGE FROM SELC
Celebrate Earth Day Every Day
Earth Month is a time for action—especially this year as we face a critical moment to address the causes and impacts of climate change. The stakes for our environmental future have never been higher but the opportunities have never been greater. With your support for SELC’s vital work, we are seizing this moment with urgency and optimism.The landmark work we do in court, in government and in our communities, helps shape policies and protections across our country because of supporters like you.
DONATE


Supporters and members of the association Senior Women for Climate Protection held banners outside the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France, on Tuesday. Christian Hartmann/Reuters
A landmark ruling in Europe could mean more climate litigation
Europe’s top human rights court said on Tuesday that the Swiss government had violated its citizens’ human rights by not doing enough to stop climate change, a landmark ruling that experts said could bolster activists hoping to use human rights law to hold governments to account.
“I expect we’re going to see a rash of lawsuits in other European countries, because most of them have done the same thing,” said Michael Gerrard, director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University. “They have failed to meet their climate goals, and failed to set climate targets that are adequate.”
It was the latest sign that the global wave of lawsuits seeking to hold companies and governments responsible for damage caused by climate change is gaining momentum.
In the United States, states, cities and counties are suing fossil fuel companies over the damages caused by climate change, and young people are suing states and the federal government over what they say was a failure to protect them from the effects of global warming.
Legal experts are watching closely to see whether the Supreme Court will take up a lawsuit that Hawaii has brought against big oil companies. Should the country’s top court intervene, it could be helpful for fossil fuel corporations, which believe they have a better chance at winning in federal court than in many state courts.
The European ruling is unlikely to affect how U.S. courts rule, according to Gerrard. “The U.S. courts traditionally pay little regard to international tribunals,” he said.
But Gerrard added that many similar concepts are involved in the European case and those making their way through the court system in the United States.
“The idea that climate change impairs fundamental rights resonates throughout the cases,” he said. “The language is different, but the underlying concepts, and the idea that the governments have a duty to act, are the same.”
Similar legal efforts are unfolding around the world. India’s Supreme Court handed down a ruling last month concluding that people’s right to be shielded from the effects of climate change falls under the articles of the country’s constitution that protect the right to equality and to life. And the Inter-American Court is also preparing to issue an advisory opinion on whether countries are legally required to protect citizens from climate change. — David Gelles and Manuela Andreoni
OTHER CLIMATE NEWS

Gerald Herbert/Associated Press
To Cut Cancer Risks, E.P.A. Limits Pollution From Chemical Plants
The new regulation is aimed at reducing the risk of cancer for people who live close to plants emitting toxic chemicals.
By Lisa Friedman

Joshua A. Bickel/Associated Press
PFAS ‘Forever Chemicals’ Are Pervasive in Water Worldwide, Study Finds
A global survey found harmful levels even in water samples taken far any obvious source of contamination.
By Delger Erdenesanaa

Jim Wilson/The New York Times
The U.S. Urgently Needs a Bigger Grid. Here’s a Fast Solution.
A rarely used technique to upgrade old power lines could play a big role in fixing one of the largest obstacles facing clean energy, two reports found.
By Brad Plumer

Sean Gallup/Getty Images
Banks Made Big Climate Promises. A New Study Doubts They Work.
Using European Central Bank lending data, researchers said there was not evidence that voluntary commitments were effective in reducing emissions.
By Eshe Nelson

Katherine Joy/The University of Manchester
They Came From Outer Space. Now, They’re Going Into Hiding.
Rising temperatures in Antarctica are making meteorites sink out of view before researchers can collect them.
By Katherine Kornei

Maddie McGarvey for The New York Times
There’s an Explosion of Plastic Waste. Big Companies Say ‘We’ve Got This.’
Big brands like Procter & Gamble and Nestlé say a new generation of plants will help them meet environmental goals, but the technology is struggling to deliver.
By Hiroko Tabuchi

Pedro Pardo/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Yellen Faces Diplomatic Test in Urging China to Curb Green Energy Exports
The United States wants to persuade China to dial back its green energy industrial strategy as the Biden administration subsidizes its own supply chain.
By Alan Rappeport

Alexey Malgavko/Reuters
TRILOBITES
New Method That Pinpoints Wood’s Origin May Curb Illegal Timber
The study could help identify wood from Russia, which has been banned by many countries because of the war.
By Alexander Nazaryan
More climate news
• Western diplomats are pressuring China to commit to funding efforts by developing countries to tackle climate change, Politico reports.
• Refrigerants that are several thousand times more potent than carbon dioxide in warming the planet are being smuggled into Europe, according to a report reviewed by Reuters.
• Warren Buffett made a fortune investing in utilities, but increasing wildfires are making him rethink his strategy, The Wall Street Journal reports.
• Six hundred years ago, Native North Americans changed their way of life to adapt to a changing climate, The Atlantic reports.
Correction: The Thursday newsletter stated incorrectly the route our reporter’s train took after leaving Chicago. It traversed Iowa and Nebraska, not Indiana and Nebraska. The Thursday newsletter also described incorrectly the pollution from airplanes. It contains nitrogen oxides, not nitrogen.
Thanks for being a subscriber.
Read past editions of the newsletter here.
If you’re enjoying what you’re reading, please consider recommending it to others. They can sign up here. Browse all of our subscriber-only newsletters here. And follow The New York Times on Instagram, Threads, Facebook and TikTok at @nytimes.
Reach us at climateforward@nytimes.com. We read every message, and reply to many!

Need help? Review our newsletter help page or contact us for assistance.
You received this email because you signed up for Climate Forward from The New York Times.
To stop receiving Climate Forward, unsubscribe. To opt out of other promotional emails from The Times, including those regarding The Athletic, manage your email settings. To opt out of updates and offers sent from The Athletic, submit a request.
Explore more subscriber-only newsletters.
Connect with us on:

Change Your EmailPrivacy PolicyContact UsCalifornia Notices
The New York Times Company. 620 Eighth Avenue New York, NY 10018

